2026年11月1日 星期日

萬聖夜與諸聖節

GCIOSGF Newsletter 會訊:

What troubles us is not what we don't know, but what we think we know, but which is not actually true.

講講很多人可能搞錯了的10月31的真正含義,它叫Halloween準確翻譯叫 「萬聖夜」,這好比華人的農曆7月及鬼月)Halloween原拼為Hallowe’en。 hallow=holy ,een =even 是夜晚的古語 evening,直譯為神聖的夜晚 。11月1日是All Saints' Day 翻譯成「諸聖節」,這是兩個不同的節日,諸聖節是凱爾特人的新年或一年的開端的節日就好比我們在農曆的新年子夜(12點)會新年倒數一樣。所以「萬聖夜」請別翻成「萬聖節」是鬼魂亂逛的夜晚,八字重的人玩吧!八字輕的最好躲在家裡。而11月1日的諸聖節倒是可以好好玩的,就像華人的新年!

萬聖夜(Halloween)固定於每年的 10 月 31 日晚間慶祝;萬聖節(All Saints' Day)」其實是指隔天 11 月 1 日的諸聖節。 

現代人普遍將這兩者通稱為萬聖節,並演變成一個充滿變裝狂歡、不給糖就搗蛋(Trick or Treat)的全球性趣味節日。 
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🎃 萬聖節的由來與習俗
  • 薩溫節起源: 萬聖節最早可追溯至 2000 多年前凱爾特人的傳統節日「薩溫節」(Samhain)。他們相信在 10 月 31 日這天,陽間與陰間的界線會變得模糊,逝者與惡靈會返回人間。 
  • 扮裝驅鬼: 為了不被惡靈認出或抓走,凱爾特人會戴上可怕的面具或換上奇裝異服,藉此「偽裝自己」來嚇跑鬼魂,這就是現代萬聖節變裝派對的由來。 
  • 南瓜燈(傑克燈籠): 傳說起源於愛爾蘭的一個吝嗇鬼「傑克(Jack)」,他因為戲弄惡魔而無法進入天堂與地獄,只能提著挖空的白蘿蔔(內放炭火)在人間遊蕩。這項傳統傳到美洲後,人們發現南瓜更容易雕刻,因而演變成今日最具代表性的南瓜燈。 
  • 不給糖就搗蛋(Trick or Treat): 小孩會穿上變裝服飾,挨家挨戶敲門討糖果。這項習俗源自歐洲中世紀,當時窮人會挨家挨戶為死者祈禱,以換取稱為「靈魂糕(Soul Cakes)」的食物。
  • 萬聖節(每年10月31日)的由來可以追溯到2000多年前古代愛爾蘭、英國和法國北部等地的凱爾特人(Celts)傳統節日「薩溫節」(Samhain)。 p

    1. 古代起源:薩溫節(Samhain)
    • 時間與意義:凱爾特人將11月1日視為一年的開始與新年的到來,10月31日的夜晚則標誌著夏季結束、寒冷黑暗冬季的開始。
    • 生死交界:他們相信在薩溫節這天夜晚,生者與死者之間的界線會模糊,亡者的靈魂會重返人間。
    • 驅鬼習俗:為了防止被惡靈干擾或當作替身,人們會熄滅家中的火爐,穿上獸皮或戴上面具假裝成鬼怪,藉此驅趕或混淆惡靈。 [1, 2, 3, 4]
    2. 宗教融合:諸聖之夜(All Hallows' Eve)
    • 隨著西元8世紀基督教的擴張,教會將11月1日定為「諸聖節」(All Saints' Day)來紀念諸聖。
    • 諸聖節的前夕(10月31日晚)被稱為 All Hallows' Eve,後來逐漸簡稱為 Halloween(萬聖夜/萬聖節)。基督教傳統與凱爾特人的古老習俗因此慢慢融合。 [1, 2, 3]
    3. 主要習俗的由來
    • 不給糖就搗蛋(Trick or Treat):
      • 源自中世紀歐洲的「靈魂蛋糕」(Souling)與蘇格蘭、愛爾蘭的「Guising」傳統。當時窮人和孩童會在節日挨家挨戶祈禱或表演短劇,向屋主換取食物或蛋糕,用來為亡者祈福。傳到美國後演變成兒童穿著奇裝異服、向鄰居要糖果的遊戲。 [1, 2]
    • 南瓜燈(Jack-o'-lantern):
      • 源自愛爾蘭的民間傳說「吝嗇傑克」(Jack),他因為戲弄惡魔而死後無法上天堂也下不了地獄,只能提著用白蘿蔔(蕪菁)挖空並放著炭火的燈籠在黑暗中永世流浪。17、18世紀愛爾蘭移民來到美洲後,發現當地的南瓜比蕪菁更大且更好雕刻,便改用南瓜來刻成人臉模樣。 [1, 2, 3, 4]

This Founder Sold His Company for $1.04 Billion

 GCIOSGF Newsletter 會訊:

Reprinted 

This Founder Sold His Company for $1.04 Billion and Planned to Take 2 Years Off. His Retirement ‘Lasted 7 Minutes’

Wesley Lones’s company Daybreak tackles sleep apnea entirely from home, replacing the CPAP mask with a custom-fit oral appliance.

  • Lones spotted a healthcare hole in treating sleep apnea. 
  • Daybreak offers an alternative to the unpopular CPAP machine.
  • The business model limits inventory costs and allows the company to move quickly.

Here’s a statistic that might keep you up at night: As many as 83 million U.S. adults suffer from obstructive sleep apnea, a condition that causes them to stop breathing over and over again while they sleep, waking up dozens or even hundreds of times a night.

The standard treatment is a CPAP machine, a clunky device that keeps the airway open by delivering pressurized air through a mask. It works. But millions of people with sleep apnea remain untreated.

For entrepreneur Wesley Lones, the numbers didn’t add up.

“I spent two years looking over my shoulder thinking, how could the most advanced wealthy country in the history of the world have millions of people suffering from an ailment and not have a treatment,” Lones says. “I must be missing something.”

What Lones eventually realized was that the problem wasn’t the lack of an effective treatment. It was the treatment itself. Many patients simply hate sleeping with a mask strapped to their face while pressurized air blows into their nose or mouth.He wasn’t looking to start a new business. After helping build Byte which was acquired for $1.04 billion, Lones was in the fortunate position of not having to work. He planned to take a few years off. “That lasted about seven minutes,” he says.

The more he studied the problem of sleep apnea, the harder it became to ignore the opportunity. Lones founded Daybreak, a fully remote platform that takes patients from diagnosis through treatment at home and offers a custom-fit oral appliance as an alternative to CPAP. The company has treated more than 20,000 patients in roughly its first 28 months, according to Lones. 

On a recent episode of One Day with Jon Bier, Lones talked about spotting a hole in a massive healthcare market, building Daybreak without outside funding and why his biggest challenge may be making millions of people aware they have sleep apnea and that an alternative treatment exists.

Sleep apnea isn’t what you think

One of the biggest misconceptions about sleep apnea is that it’s a weight problem.Lones points out that anatomy can play a major role. When you sleep, the muscles around the airway relax, and for some people their anatomy makes the airway more likely to narrow or collapse, interrupting their breathing. Weight can make the problem worse, but it isn’t necessarily the cause.

Lones has nothing against CPAP as a treatment. “It’s the gold standard,” he says. “I’m not here to demonize it.” But he also knows there are entire Facebook support groups devoted to coping with one. 

One alternative is a custom-fit mouthguard that gently moves the lower jaw forward to help keep the airway open while you sleep. Oral appliance therapy wasn’t new. Dentists and sleep specialists have been using the devices for years. Most people just don’t know about them.

Getting the word out

Lones investigated why oral appliances weren’t reaching more patients. The problem, he concluded, was a lack of awareness. 

“I have yet to interact with a person who has sleep apnea and hears about an oral appliance and says, ‘Wow, I would never try that,’” Lones says. “The universal, consistent answer is, ‘I had no idea that exists, and I would absolutely try it. How do I get started?’

The answer to that question became Daybreak. Patients are mailed a small wireless sleep-test device that wraps around a finger and tracks their sleep at home. The data is sent to a doctor for review and diagnosis. If they qualify for treatment, Daybreak sends them an impression kit used to create their custom-fit oral appliance. The entire process can be done without stepping into a doctor’s office. 

Lones built Daybreak without outside funding. Part of the reason is that his previous exits gave him a head start. But the economics of the business also helped. Because every oral appliance is custom-made, Daybreak doesn’t have to manufacture large quantities of finished products and hope they sell. For cash customers, the company collects payment upfront and then sends the order to the manufacturer. “It’s a reverse sort of cash cycle where we don’t have to carry a bunch of inventory,” Lones says. 

Bootstrapping has also allowed him to move quickly. “We have a lot of flexibility,” Lones says. “We have the ability to iterate, move very quickly, really compress the time between when we identify, learn there’s a problem, and then react to that problem and solve it.”

From problem to something more

As Daybreak began treating patients, Lones started seeing the impact firsthand. One of the stories that stuck with him came from a mother of three whose husband suffered from sleep apnea. After his first night using the device, she contacted Daybreak with a message: “Thank you. This is the first time my children have had a father and I have had a husband in three years.”

2026年10月31日 星期六

美國稀土自產計畫遭重挫!

GCIOSGF Newsletter 會訊:

Reprinted 

美國稀土自產計畫遭重挫! 通用取消10年大單 

 《路透社》近日報導,南卡羅來納州薩姆特的一家稀土永磁體工廠磁鐵最大的客戶,佔據該工廠90%訂單量的通用汽車,取消了長達十年的長期供貨協議。

這座投資約 5 億美元、年產能接近 2,000 噸的工廠,歸屬於德國磁材巨頭 VAC 集團的美國子公司。早在 2021 年,通用汽車就與 VAC 宣佈合作建設美國工廠,隨後於 2023 年簽署了長期協議。

去年 11 月,美國財政部長貝森特才站在南卡羅來納州薩姆特的一家稀土永磁體工廠裡,手裡舉著一塊釹鐵硼磁鐵,對《福斯新聞》( Fox News ) 的鏡頭激動地說:「這是美國 25 年來製造的第一塊磁鐵——我們正在終結中國對我們供應鏈的扼制。」

在該廠運營初期,它就拿到了美國戰爭部的撥款,以及一筆 1.119 億美元的合格先進能源專案稅收抵免。其產量除了 90% 給通用外,其餘 10% 幾乎全對接給了美國政府。

而這批提前預定了十年產量的磁鐵,原計劃被用於通用電動汽車的電機上,但川普政府 2025 年上臺後,取消了對電動汽車的聯邦激勵和稅收優惠。通用電動汽車業務本來就長期虧損,補貼一撤,減產就成了理性的選擇。

今年 1 月,通用汽車為剝離部分電動汽車投資支出了 60 億美元。整車產量預期下調,磁鐵需求隨之收縮,「至少十年」的供貨協議自然失去了存在的意義。

稀土這條產業鏈,真正的門檻不在挖礦,而在分離和磁體製造的人才。雪梨科技大學澳中關係研究所副教授瑪麗娜指出 : 「培養一名完全合格的稀土工程師需要至少十年的實踐經驗」。上世紀 90 年代,美國因為嫌稀土冶煉環保成本高、利潤率低,主動把這一產線向國外轉移。如今再想要重建本土稀土產業鏈,人才自然要重新培養。

伯明罕大學關鍵材料研究員加文·哈珀對此分析稱,隨著知識的衰退,美國在稀土分離、金屬製造和合金生產方面的專業技能也隨之退化。「美國不僅操作流程需要重建,而且製造這些流程所需的機器和設備的知識也需要從零開始重建。」


建一座磁鐵廠可以靠資本在幾年內完成,但建一支能穩定運行這條產線的工程師隊伍,需要的時間至少是「一代人」。即使技術和人才能花時間慢慢補上,美國本土磁鐵在市場上仍然不好賣,因為成本真的高。

據復旦發展研究院資料,中等牌號的釹鐵硼磁體,中國造一公斤約為 26 美元,在美國或西方製造約 34 美元,差三成左右。再算上中國廠商習慣薄利多銷,一般只賺不到 10% 微利,而美國新專案需要 30% 利潤才能吸引投資,最後成品的售價差距能高達 80%。政府可以靠國防訂單和給高價保底撐住一小部分產能,但民用市場不會長期為「產地」買單,通用跑單就是典型例子。如果美國本土稀土產業只能靠政府兜底才能存活,那它本質上是一個國防項目,而不是一條供應鏈。


全素或純素Vegan or pure vegan

 GCIOSGF Newsletter 會訊:(中英文)

Edit : AI

In Taiwan, "vegan" and "pure vegan" are essentially synonyms in everyday language and food labeling, referring to a plant-based diet completely free of animal products and the five pungent spices (garlic, onions, leeks, and asarum).

According to the Ministry of Health and Welfare's "Regulations on Labelling Packaged Foods Claiming to be Vegan," both are categorized under "vegan" or "pure vegan."

Definition and Standards for "Vegan/Pure Vegan":

What to Avoid:

Meat and Seafood: All livestock, poultry, fish, and shellfish.

Animal By-products: Eggs, milk, dairy products, honey, animal fats, gelatin, carmine, etc.

The Five Pungent Spices:

Onions, garlic, leeks (including leeks, leek sprouts, and leek flowers), wild leeks (such as buckwheat leeks), and asafoetida (fermented asafoetida).

What You Can Eat:

Grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, mushrooms, nuts, and vegetable oils. Subtle Psychological or Ideological Differences (Differences in Daily Use)

Although the terms "vegan" and "vegan" are often used interchangeably in Taiwanese regulations and menus, there are subtle differences in perception among certain groups:

Vegan (leaning towards religious and dietary aspects): The term is often related to religious vegetarianism in Taiwan (Buddhism, Taoism), emphasizing "not eating animals and not eating the five pungent vegetables (because their strong smells interfere with spiritual practice)."

Vegan (leaning towards the Western concept of veganism): Often extends to a lifestyle attitude. It's not limited to avoiding eggs and dairy in the diet; it also includes refusing to use animal fur, leather, silk, honey, or refusing to buy products that have undergone animal testing.

Quick Reference Chart for Common Vegetarian Food Categories

Vegetarian Type | Meat/Seafood | Eggs | Milk/Dairy Products | Five Spices (Onions, Garlic, etc.)

Vegan/Pure Vegan | ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘

Ovo-Vegan | ✘ ✔ ✘ ✘

Lati-Vegan | ✘ ✘ ✔ ✘

Lati-Ovo-Vegan | ✘ ✔ ✔ ✘

Plant-Based Five Spices | ✘ Optional Optional ✔

在台灣的日常用語與食品標示中,「全素」與「純素」基本上是同義詞,指的是完全不含動物性成分與五辛的植物性飲食。

根據衛福部「包裝食品宣稱為素食之標示規定」,兩者合併歸類為「全素或純素」。 

「全素/純素」的定義與規範
  • 不吃什麼:
    • 肉類與海鮮: 所有家畜、家禽、魚貝類。
    • 動物副產品: 雞蛋、牛奶、乳製品、蜂蜜、動物油脂、明膠、胭脂紅等。
    • 植物五辛: 蔥、蒜、韭(含韭菜、韭黃、韭菜花)、薤(如蕗蕎)、興渠(阿魏)。 
  • 可以吃什麼:
    • 五穀雜糧、蔬菜、水果、豆類、菇類、堅果與植物油。 

細微的心理或理念差異(日常使用上的區別)
雖然在台灣法規與菜單上,全素與純素常混用,但在部分族群的認知裡有細微差別:
  1. 全素(偏向宗教與飲食本體):
    • 詞源常與台灣的宗教茹素(佛教、道教)有關,著重於「不吃動物、不吃五辛(因五辛氣味重、影響清修)」。 
  2. 純素(偏向西方 Vegan 概念):
    • 常延伸至生活態度。不僅限於飲食不碰蛋奶,還會拒絕使用動物皮草、皮革、絲綢、蜂蜜,或拒絕購買有進行動物實驗的產品。

常見素食分類快速對照表
素食類型肉類/海鮮雞蛋牛奶/乳製品五辛(蔥蒜等)
全素/純素✘✘✘✘
蛋素✘✔✘✘
奶素✘✘✔✘
奶蛋素✘✔✔✘
植物五辛素✘可有可有✔

GCIOSGF

萬聖夜與諸聖節

GCIOSGF Newsletter 會訊: What troubles us is not what we don't know, but what we think we know, but which is not actually true. 講講很多人可能搞錯了...