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摩爾定律（Moore's Law）是由英特爾（Intel）共同創辦人戈登·摩爾（Gordon Moore）於 1965提出的觀察，指積體電路上的電晶體數量大約每 18 至 24 個月會倍增一次，同時運算效能增加、成本則下降。
- 起源與修正：摩爾在 1965 年提出此預測，隨後在 1975 年修正為每約兩年翻倍一次。
- 本質：它從來不是一條物理定律，而是半導體產業用來設定研發與生產目標的經濟與工程共識。
- 深遠影響：推動了個人電腦、智慧型手機、網際網路與各類數位裝置的快速普及與小型化。
- 物理極限與緩慢放緩：業界公認傳統物理微縮正走到尾聲。輝達（NVIDIA）執行長黃仁勳等產業領袖也曾表示傳統摩爾定律已近尾聲。
- 進入「超越摩爾定律」（Beyond Moore / 超摩爾時代）：
- 先進封裝與 3D IC：透過 CoWoS、3D 晶片堆疊技術延續效能。
- 系統與架構創新：結合專用加速器（如 AI GPU）、高速互連技術（如 NVLink）、液冷系統來突破單一晶片算力限制。
- 新材料與新物理：探索碳基、二維材料或量子運算等替代方案。
Moore's Law, proposed in 1965 by Intel co-founder Gordon Moore, states that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit roughly doubles every 18 to 24 months, while computing performance increases and costs decrease.
The core of the classic Moore's Law:
• Origin and Revisions: Moore made this prediction in 1965, subsequently revising it to approximately doubling every two years in 1975.
• Essence: It has never been a physical law, but rather an economic and engineering consensus used by the semiconductor industry to set research and development and production goals.
• Profound Impact: It has driven the rapid proliferation and miniaturization of personal computers, smartphones, the internet, and various digital devices.
Towards the "Post-Moore's Law Era" and Transformation
As transistor sizes continue to shrink, approaching the limits of atomic physics (e.g., leakage current and quantum tunneling), the traditional approach of simply shrinking manufacturing processes to improve performance is facing bottlenecks:
• Physical Limits and Slowing Down: It is widely acknowledged that traditional physical miniaturization is nearing its end. Industry leaders such as NVIDIA CEO Jensen Huang have also stated that traditional Moore's Law is nearing its end.
• Entering the "Beyond Moore Era":
• Advanced Packaging and 3D ICs: Sustaining performance through CoWoS and 3D chip stacking technologies.
• System and Architectural Innovation: Combining dedicated accelerators (such as AI GPUs), high-speed interconnect technologies (such as NVLink), and liquid cooling systems to overcome the limitations of single-chip computing power.
• New Materials and New Physics: Exploring alternatives such as carbon-based materials, two-dimensional materials, or quantum computing.
DEFINITION
Moore’s Law predicts that computing power will increase significantly as the number of transistors on microchips doubles approximately every two years, driving technological advancement.
KEY TAKEAWAYS
Moore’s Law, originally an observation by Gordon E. Moore in 1965, asserts that the number of transistors on a microchip doubles approximately every two years, leading to more powerful and cost-effective computing power.
This phenomenon has significantly influenced technological progress, enabling innovations in computing, mobile devices, electronic games, and even industries like healthcare and transportation.
As transistors approach atomic dimensions, the physical limitations of further miniaturization pose challenges, potentially signaling Moore’s Law’s natural end in the 2020s.
Despite potential limits, advancements in software, cloud computing, and emerging technologies like quantum computing may continue to drive progress beyond the traditional scope of Moore’s Law.
Get personalized, AI-powered answers built on 27+ years of trusted expertise.
What are semiconductor manufacturing's challenges overcoming physical limits?
How does the semiconductor industry plan future product releases?
Why is moore's law still a guiding maxim?
What are semiconductor manufacturing's challenges overcoming physical limits?
How does the semiconductor industry plan future product releases?
Exploring the Impact of Moore’s Law on Technology
Moore’s Law, first posited by Gordon E. Moore in 1965, observes that the number of transistors on microchips doubles roughly every two years while costs decrease. Not a fundamental law of science, this observation has nonetheless been a guiding principle in the semiconductor industry for nearly six decades. It predicts that as transistors become smaller, computing technology will continually advance, becoming faster, more energy-efficient, and more cost-effective over time. Today, Moore’s insight remains a critical benchmark for technological progress, influencing everything from smartphones to data centers.
Understanding Moore’s Law
In 1965, Intel co-founder Gordon E. Moore noticed that the number of transistors on a chip had doubled between 1960 and 1965 at minimal cost. He initially predicted chips would have 65,000 components by 1975, later revising this to a doubling every two years.
Gordon Moore did not call his observation “Moore’s Law,” nor did he set out to create a “law.” Moore made that statement based on noticing emerging trends in chip manufacturing at Fairchild Semiconductor. Eventually, Moore’s insight became a well-known adage, “Moore’s Law.” In an interview in 1975, he claimed his friend, Dr. Carver Mead from CalTech, was responsible for the name.
Intel. "Excerpts from 'A Conversation with Gordon Moore: Moore’s Law.'" Page 5.
Over the decades, Moore’s Law guided the semiconductor industry in planning and setting R&D targets, becoming a key driver of technological and economic growth in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
IMPORTANT
Moore’s Law implies that computers, machines that run on computers, and computing power all become smaller, faster, and cheaper with time as processes become more efficient and components smaller and faster.
The Enduring Influence of Moore’s Law
Almost 60 years later, we still feel the lasting impact and benefits of Moore’s Law in many ways.
Moore’s Law in Computing: Shrinking Transistors and Expanding Power
As transistors shrink, computers become faster and smaller. These tiny structures are printed on sheets of carbon and silicon, allowing more transistors in a space, which boosts computer efficiency. Over time, the cost of powerful computers has dropped annually due to lower labor and semiconductor costs.
Advancements in Electronics: A Testament to Moore’s Law
Practically every facet of a high-tech society benefits from Moore’s Law in action. Mobile devices, such as smartphones and computer tablets, would not work without tiny processors; neither would video games, spreadsheets, accurate weather forecasts, and global positioning systems (GPS).
Diverse Industries Transformed by Moore’s Law
Moreover, smaller and faster computers improve transportation, health care, education, and energy production—to name but a few of the industries that have progressed because of the increased power of computer chips.
The Future of Moore’s Law: Challenges and Predictions
Some experts predict Moore’s Law will hit physical limits in the 2020s. Chip-makers face rising costs to maintain standards and challenges in cooling many components in small spaces.
For instance, if you keep shrinking components, you can put more in a one-inch square chip. The more you put in that square inch, the hotter it gets and the harder it is to cool it.
In a 2005 interview, Moore himself admitted that “...the fact that materials are made of atoms is the fundamental limitation and it’s not that far away...We’re pushing up against some fairly fundamental limits, so one of these days we’re going to have to stop making things smaller.”
Overcoming the Challenges Limiting Moore’s Law
The fact that Moore’s Law may be approaching its natural end is perhaps most painfully present at the chip manufacturers themselves; as these companies are saddled with the task of building ever-more-powerful chips against the reality of physical limitations. Even Intel is competing with itself and its industry to create what ultimately may not be possible.
In 2012, Intel introduced a 22-nanometer processor, featuring the world’s smallest and most advanced mass-produced transistors.
By 2014, they launched a 14nm chip and, after delays, in 2024, started using a large machine to develop technology advancing Moore’s Law.
FAST FACT
For perspective, one nanometer is one billionth of a meter, smaller than the wavelength of visible light. The diameter of an atom ranges from about 0.1 to 0.5 nanometers.
Future Innovations Beyond Moore’s Law
The prospect of a highly connected future presents both challenges and benefits. For over 50 years, shrinking transistors have enhanced computing, but new ways are needed to boost capabilities. Future improvements may rely on software, cloud computing, wireless tech, IoT, and quantum physics.
Despite the growing concerns around privacy and security, the advantages of ever-smarter computing technology can help keep us healthier, safer, and more productive in the long run.
What Is Moore’s Law?
In 1965, Gordon Moore posited that roughly every two years, the number of transistors on microchips will double. Commonly referred to as Moore’s Law, this phenomenon suggests that computational progress will become significantly faster, smaller, and more efficient over time.
Widely regarded as one of the hallmark theories of the 21st century, Moore’s Law carries significant implications for the future of technological progress—along with its possible limitations.
How Has Moore’s Law Impacted Computing?
Moore’s Law has directly influenced the progress of computing power by creating a goal for chip makers to achieve. In 1965, Moore predicted that there would be 65,000 transistors per chip by 1975.
In 2025, chip makers can put 50 billion transistors on a chip the size of a fingernail.
Is Moore’s Law Coming to an End?
According to some, Moore’s Law will end sometime in the 2020s.
If components continue to shrink, physical limits will be reached during this decade because it’s unlikely that transistors smaller than atoms can be printed. There is only 1.5nm of space left to print on, depending on the element.
The Bottom Line
Moore’s Law began as an observation made by Gordon Moore in 1965 that the number of components on a microchip appeared to increase by a factor of two every year. He predicted that it was possible that by 1975, there would be 65,000 components on an integrated circuit. In 1975, he revised his observation and predicted that the number of components would double every two years. This prediction remained fairly accurate for nearly 50 years—and in 2025, engineers and scientists are still attempting to keep up; they have succeeded in printing transistors almost the size of atoms.
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